When Europe collapsed into war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, many expected the fighting to be over in a matter of months. Instead, the conflict hardened into a bloody stalemate; the trenches separating the two sides on the Western Front during World War I barely shifted for much of its duration.
Defensive technologies had made offensive warfare difficult and old tactics obsolete. It would require new technologies and new ways of thinking to permit one side to make progress over the other.
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